Thursday, December 26, 2019

Irenaeus and the Gnostic System Free Essay Example, 3500 words

Irenaeus establishes what has roused him to react in Book 1 and disproves it in Book 2. The remnants of his work reveal that his rejoinder transcends the motivation (Johnson, 2004, 28). Irenaeus initiates with a thorough description of a Valentinian myth which is the labor of a generation succeeding Valentinus and Ptolemy. The credit to Ptolemy is an interpretation; yet the writers were most probably Valentinians who, even as referring to themselves students of Valentinus, were actually students of Ptolemy. The work demonstrates four movements, namely, extension, dispersion, concentration in saviour, and return to unity by saviour, and alludes into six periods, namely, the first principle and first emanations; the passion of Sophia and the new emanations; the formation of Achamoth; three substances; creation of the cosmos; Christ and consummation (Cullman, 1959, 102). All things germinate from the rightness of the pro-father, pro-first principle, chasm, who is unfathomable, furthe r than apprehension, unseen, perpetual, serene in deep restfulness. With him subsists indivisibly reflection (ennoia) who is also silence (sige) and elegance (chairs). From this creation originate three pairs of emanations to the splendor of the Father and to create the Ogdoad: Nous (or Monogenes) and Aletheia, Logos, and Zoe, Anthropos and Ecclesia (ibid, 103). We will write a custom essay sample on Irenaeus and the Gnostic System or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page However, the remaining of the thirty eons, Sophia, surrenders to an unmanageable motive to detain his limitless greatness which changes her through ardor.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Biography of Malcolm X Essay - 2268 Words

Biography of Malcolm X On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm Little was born to Reverend Earl and Louise Little. Rev. Little, who believed in self-determination and worked for the unity of black people. Malcolm was raised in a background of ethnic awareness and dignity, but violence was sparked by white racists trying to stop black people such as Rev. Little from preaching the black cause. The history of Malcolms dedication to black people, like that of his father, may have been motivated by a long history of oppression of his family. As a young child, Malcolm, his parents, brothers, and sisters were shot at, burned out of their home, harassed, and threatened. This culminated in the†¦show more content†¦When a white person referred to the fact that some Southern university had enrolled black freshmen without bayonets, Malcolm reacted with scorn: When I slipped, the program host would leap on the bait: Ahhh! Indeed, Mr. Malcolm X -- you cant deny thats an advance for your race! Id jerk the pole then. I cant turn around without hearing about some civil rights advance! White people seem to think the black man ought to be shouting hallelujah! Four hundred years the white man has had his foot-long knife in the black mans back -- and now the whit man starts to wiggle the knife out, maybe six inches! The black mans supposed to be grateful? Why, if the white man jerked the knife out, its still going to leave a scar! Although Malcolm words often stung with the injustices against blacks in America, the equally racist views of the Nation of Islam kept him from accepting any whites as sincere or capable of helping the situation. For twelve years he preached that the white man was the devil and the Honourable Elijah Muhammad was Gods messenger. Unfortunately, most images of Malcolm today focus on this period of his life, although the transformation he was about to undergo would give him a completely different, and more important, message for the American people. The Change to True Islam On March 12, 1964, impelled by internalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Biography of Malcolm X1317 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Malcolm X One of the most influential men of his time, not only with the black community, but also with other people of every community. His beliefs for many people are hard to understand and probably thought as if his beliefs are wrong, but until someone actually reads The Autobiography of Malcolm X, then people will not really understand the complexity of the man Malcolm X. His autobiography takes you on a tour of probably lots of black men of this time and shows all the hardshipsRead MoreA Brief Biography of Malcolm X698 Words   |  3 PagesMay 19, 1925 in the small town of Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm Little was born to Louise Little and Earl Little. Little did they know that their son would change the future for African-Americans. Malcolm had a rough childhood due to the fact that he lived during the time of racism between African-Americans and Caucasians. Malcolm was treated a little different, because the color of his skin. Malcolm was lighter than his other siblings. Malcolm was treated badly by African-Americans, because theyRead MoreMalcolm X Biography Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pageslife to the advancement of the African American race. Few of these people created as much controversy during the 1960’s then the man who would be known as Malcolm X. Unlike many of the civil rights leaders of the time who promoted non violence, Malcolm X believed in the use of aggressive tactics in his battle for equality. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska to Earl and Louise Little. His father, a minister and devout Christian, was known for being an outspoken followerRead MoreA Brief Biography of Malcolm X920 Words   |  4 PagesMalcolm X, born in 1925, didn’t have the easiest life. His family was not the wealthiest family and they went through the ups and downs of life more than anyone could ever imagine. After his father passed away a lot of things became harder to deal with. It was he, his mother, and his brothers and sisters. Life became harder to go through. Malcolm and some of his siblings were taken away from their mother and put into other homes while they sent his mom to a psychiatric hospital. Things were goingRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement had many influential leaders and events. The overall importance of the movement was the profound impact it had on American life. The Civil Rights Movement had many important leaders, like Martin Luther King Jr., The Black Panthers, and Malcolm X, whose actions largely influenced the movement. Of the leaders involved in the Civil Rights Movement, one man stands alone; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King is known best for his contributions to the civil rights movement, for instanceRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1238 Words   |  5 Pagesis living every night in fear, the burning down of your home by the Ku Klux Klan and the â€Å"accidental† death of your father who’s head was detached from his own body? This is the only memory that comes to Malcolm Little from his childhood. Malcolm Little who is famously recognized as Malcolm X was born into a world of hatred on May 19, 1925 in Omaha Nebraska. His father was a freelance Baptist Preacher who incorporated the teaching of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Gravey. With continuous threatsRead MoreThe Significance of the Role of Malcolm X on African American Activists1634 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was the role of Malcolm X significant in the rise of radical African American activism (1965-1968)? A. Plan of the Investigation To what extent was the role of Malcolm X significant in the rise of radical African American activism (1965-1968)? This investigation will assess the significance of Malcolm X’s significance in giving rise to African American activism. Malcolm X’s motives, involvement in the civil rights movement and his leadership will all be discussed in order toRead MoreThe Death Before Disunity : Malcolm X, Civil Rights Activist And Muslim Leader1173 Words   |  5 PagesDeath before Disunity Malcolm X, Civil Rights activist and Muslim leader, was an advocate of unity by all means necessary. Throughout history, people have often pondered what X intended to obtain before his tragic death at the hands of Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler, and Thomas 15X Johnson (â€Å"Biography†). Several people downplay X’s achievements in comparison to the accomplishments of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Majority of activists such as Mohandas Gandhi, Rosa Parks, and Cesar Chavez are notoriousRead More The Black Community Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pageswhich addressed his dislike for how blacks are being treated in Alabama which was in a violent manner(Martin Luther King Jr. Biography, , The letter from the Birmingham jail section, para. 1).On August 28, 1963, he led 200,000 people on a march towards equality in Washington, D.C. On this day he also read his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech(Martin Luther King Jr. Biography, , The letter from the Birmingham jail section , para. 1). In his speech, he spoke about his hopes that one day everyone wouldRead MoreMalcolm X was a Symbol of the Civil Rights Movement1573 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare for it today.† Malcolm X The 1920’s, or the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, was a time in American history described as the â€Å"Wild West†. Prohibition brought controversy and anarchy to the once civilized American society, with mobs and gangs at the peak of their power with leaders such as Al Capone supplying alcohol and guns to the public. This was also a time of heightened racial segregation, with boundaries being set such as only white bathrooms and schools. Malcolm (X) Little was born in this

Monday, December 9, 2019

Public Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Development. Answer: Overview Terry et al., (2000) briefly presented the research study clearly in an informative manner of the study designing, study findings that help readers to decide whether the paper is suitable for referring and reading purposes. The issue addressed in the paper is the association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. In people with long-term GER illness, the risk for carcinoma increases by 40 folds in gastric cardia and esophageal cancer. According to Karimi et al., (2014) the incidence of gastric cardia and esophagus adenocarcinoma has risen in Western Europe and United States including Sweden in recent years. Among all reasons, the study highlighted the role of GER in esophageal adenocarcinoma development. There is paucity of data that illustrates association between GER and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma as a previous study showed weaker associations, however, medical records showed occurrence of GER (Pohl et al., 2013). Moreover, several foods cause temporary reflux symptoms where relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) takes place. Therefore, the present study was aimed at determining the association between these foods with risk for esophageal adenocar cinoma or gastric cardia. The participants who were newly diagnosed with gastric cardia (n=313) or esophagus carcinoma (n=216) were eligible for the study. From Swedish population, randomly selection was done for case control subjects after the inclusion or exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 cases of cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and 815 controls. All the participants were subjected to one-to-one interviews with interviewers and a structured food frequency questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised of 63 beverage and food items that was used for the evaluation of dietary habits 20 years before the interview. It comprised of frequency of consumption, last daily meal, and average meal size of the seven common Swedish meals. Apart from this dietary assessment, the other exposures include reflux tertiles consisting of chocolate and time of last meal, fruit juice and reflux symptoms studied for regurgitation, heartburn or absent at the time of assessment, severity and frequency. The dieta ry assessment compared the case group with control group and studied how frequently LES relaxing foods gives rise to chronic reflux symptoms among the sufferers as compared to controls. The outcome of the exposure was that there was no association found between dietary factors that cause LES relaxation and adenocarcinoma risk of esophageal cancer and gastric cardia. This might be possible as sufferers that cause LES relaxation might avoid these foods (Sethi Richter, 2017). The outcome of exposure showed no association between LES relaxation caused by dietary factors and risk for esophageal malignancy. The study design is nationwide population-based case control study in Sweden that was studied with 250 and 185 gastric cardia and esophageal malignancy cases respectively and 815 controls. This design is a type of epidemiological observational study where two groups (case and control) groups are identified and comparison is done to identify the factors that contribute to a particular medical condition (Breslow, 2014). In the given article, case group (newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardia) and control group were compared for the identification of dietary factors that contribute to risk for gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of esophagus. The study population was a nationwide Swedish case-control study of age below 80 years who lived between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The case group participants for the study comprised of newly diagnosed patients with gastric cardia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The control group was selected randomly from the Swedish population register that matched gender and age among the cases. Therefore, after the exclusion criteria, 258 and 185 gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma respectively and controls (815) were taken for the study. The main finding of the paper was that there was no association between LES-relaxing foods and chronic reflux symptoms, however, it might have happened due to avoidance of these reflux causing foods among the sufferers. Moreover, there was no association found between dietary factors associated with risk for gastric or esophagus cardia. This finding indicates that LES relaxation in dietary factors and transient GER are not associated with risk of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is no such future study implication, although previous study showed eating habits and consumption of foods with relaxed LES or temporary GER were not related with adenocarcinoma risk of gastric cardia and esophagus. However, the paper findings indicated that dietary factors associated with transient GER and LES relaxation are not related with risk of gastric cardia or esophageal malignancy. Internal validity Yes, the author has studied the confounding variables in this study that might have an outside influence changing the effect of the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the dietary factors and variable of reflux symptoms like heartburn or regurgitation are dependent on it. The results of study conducted by Terry et al., (2000) are likely to be affected by confounding variables. LES-relaxing foods associated with dietary factors were studied in the sample population; however, the subject characteristics suggested that other factors also influenced the study findings. Men were 86% and 83% of the cases and controls respectively. Among the case group, tobacco smoking was higher with gastric cardia or adenocarcinoma of oesophagus as compared to controls that had lowest history of tobacco smoking. In addition, median BMI was higher among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma in case group as compared to control group having low median BMI. Alcohol drinkin g was also more prevalent among gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients as compared to controls. This illustrates that these confounding variables are likely to affect the result findings, as dietary factors are not only the variable that increases the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus or gastric cardia. Researchers in their study have mentioned these confounding variables in their study that may have damaged the internal validity of the experiment (Szklo Nieto, 2014). These third variables were no controlled or eliminated by the researchers in the study. In the study, dietary factors that affect LES-relaxation increase the risk for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus and gastric cardia. In this dietary factors is independent variable and increased adenocarcinoma risk is the dependent variable, however, other variables like alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high median BMI are other variables that affected the dependent variable. This confounding variable may have an effect on the risk of adenocarcinoma rather than only dietary factors. The author has explicitly explained the confounding variables in their study explaining the characteristics of subjects in the results. The results are also affected by bias, as there was potential measurement error in exposure as the questionnaire comprised of questions associated with dietary habits of the participants in last two decades prior to interview (Vandenbroucke et al., 2014). The result findings were weakened by non-differential measurement error of exposure. The dietary factors were only studied in the study that fulfilled the research aim and accordingly, the questionnaire comprised of questions about reflux symptoms two decades before interview that assessed the factor with a possible latency period before cancer occurrence. There is possibly limitation of the data collection due to potential measurement error in the exposure. However, this bias was used for gathering data that is relevant to GER that was useful to detect increased risk with reflux symptoms based on severity, presence and duration (Levy Lemeshow, 2013). Looking into the issues and bias witnessed in case-control studies, there is selection, incident, sources of cases and selection of controls. The selection of cases in the study showed that there were more males than females comprised of 83% controls and 86% cases being baseline subject characteristics. Selection bias is a major problem in case control studies that depicts non-comparability between controls and cases. Cases or controls for the study are selected based on some characteristic that is exhibited related to exposure to risk factor (Fithian Hastie, 2014). In the given research study, the cases are selected who are unrepresentative of the general population producing cases. However, case control study is designed to select controls that represent population producing cases. Incident case is another bias observed in this case-control study during a particular period as the cases comprised of newly diagnosed patients with 313 and 216 gastric cardia and adenocarcinoma of oeso phagus respectively studied between 1 December 1994 and 31 December 1997. The incident cases use is preferential for the researchers as recall of exposure is accurate among the newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma cases for esophagus and gastric cardia (Geneletti et al., 2013). However, it is easy to assess the temporal sequence of intervention or exposure and disease among the newly diagnosed or incident cases. Sources of cases are another issue observed in this study as the sample recruitment is also biased. In the present study, the sample is recruited from Swedish register being population based. The research study is population based nationwide case control study and it has major limitations, as it is difficult to conduct and is more expensive. The selection of controls is also biased as it is an inherent issue in case-control studies (van Rein et al., 2014). The controls used in this kind of study design are subjected to estimate the prevalence of exposure in population that give rise to cases. Hence, the control group is selected randomly from the general population that gives rise to cases. However, in practical, this condition is not possible, as the control group, selection should also be subjected to same exposure status as cases in absence of exposure and disease association (Sedgwick, 2015). For minimizing bias, controls need to be selected from a representative sample among the population from which cases are produced. The controls must have been selected from Swedish population register only as the cases. Exposure and outcome According to Bradford-Hill criteria, the stronger the association between risk factor and outcome, the relationship is likely to become causal (Boniface, Scannell Marlow, 2017). In the given study, there is no relationship between dietary factors causing LES relaxation and risk for oesophagus adenocarcinoma risk and gastric cardia. Another criterion that can be suggested is that risk occurred before exposure that cannot be plausible suggesting there is no causal association between exposure and outcome (VanderWeele et al., 2016). Moreover, there is no consistency in the findings, as the same findings are not observed among different populations. Previous findings suggested strong relationship between foods that cause LES-relaxation (dietary factors) and risk for oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia, however, this study showed no association between dietary factors and adenocarcinoma risk. There is also lack of specificity of association where there is no one to one relation ship between cause and outcome. The temporal sequence of association is also not observed, as exposure did not precede outcome where the sample were already exposed to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia before studying the outcome (Marshall Galea, 2014). The study did not suggest any biological gradient association as the changes in adenocarcinoma rates did not follow corresponding exposure changes that are dietary factors being dose dependent (Vandenbroucke, Broadbent Pearce, 2016). The biological plausibility is also not explained in the study, as there was no explanation of any potential biological mechanism. The results showed no association between dietary factors causing LES relaxation associated with gastric cardia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the findings suggested no association between LES relaxation and risk for gastric cardia or oesophageal malignancy. External validity External validity is another great challenge in case-control studies as it occurs due to systematic error. It is defined as the ability to generalize results to a wider population setting (Allodi Massacci, 2014). The inferences made in the cause-effect relationships from specific study that are externally valid can be generalized to the wider population (Woolcock, 2013). The results obtained in the present study cannot be generalized to other population as the samples are large obtained from single geographic location (Sweden). This is the reason that the conclusions drawn from the cause-effect relationship cannot be applied to other geographical locations. The food avoidance among the sufferers is a possible consequence that narrowed the exposure range. The reflux-promoting foods like garlic, onion and citrus may have anti-carcinogenic properties negating harmful effects of reflex symptoms. Moreover, the previous studies examined the diet factors and risk for cancers, however, the present study only comprised of few dietary aspects that caused reflux symptoms. This can be one reason that the conclusions drawn from the study cannot be generalized to the wider population. However, the present study results do not contradict the pervious results that there is a strong relationship between severity and frequency of reflux associated with risk of gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the general population, reflux symptoms are not a public health issue, rather a consequence of the adenocarcinoma condition. The response rates of controls and cases are related to LES-relaxing foods that is called recall bias or differential misclassification that explain negative findings of the study. The hypotheses regarding mint, chocolate, coffee, portion size and time of last daily meal are unknown among the public and that might have elicited differential recall between control and case subjects in the study. Although, the response rates were high as compared to previous findings of dietary factors associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a high degree of differential participation in exposure could have cause bias results away or towards unity. The discussion section of the paper is explained beautifully depicting results of the study article lacking external validity, as the sample is not representative in the general population. The sample consisted of population from Sweden with self-reported recurrent reflux symptoms before interview and no considerations regarding low mean basal pressure or dyspepsia. The association between reflux producing foods with respect to gastric cardia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma is not addressed properly in the study and this is the reason, it cannot be generalized into other population settings. In addition, the time of last meal before bedtime, average portion size of meal were not related to adenocarcinoma risk of oesophagus and gastric cardia. This issue is witnessed in the nationwide population case study in Sweden that are addressed in the paper. Proper explanations are given for the result findings showing no association with adenocarcinoma risk with good discussion of the strengths of the paper, however, the limitations are not addressed explicitly. References Allodi, L., Massacci, F. (2014). Comparing vulnerability severity and exploits using case-control studies.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC),17(1), 1. Boniface, S., Scannell, J. W., Marlow, S. (2017). Evidence for the effectiveness of minimum pricing of alcohol: a systematic review and assessment using the Bradford Hill criteria for causality.BMJ open,7(5), e013497. Breslow, N. E. (2014). Case-control studies. InHandbook of epidemiology(pp. 293-323). Springer New York. Fithian, W., Hastie, T. (2014). Local case-control sampling: Efficient subsampling in imbalanced data sets.Annals of statistics,42(5), 1693. Geneletti, S., Best, N., Toledano, M. B., Elliott, P., Richardson, S. (2013). Uncovering selection bias in casecontrol studies using Bayesian post?stratification.Statistics in medicine,32(15), 2555-2570. Karimi, P., Islami, F., Anandasabapathy, S., Freedman, N. D., Kamangar, F. (2014). Gastric cancer: descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and prevention.Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers,23(5), 700-713. Levy, P. S., Lemeshow, S. (2013).Sampling of populations: methods and applications. (pp 380-389) John Wiley Sons. Marshall, B. D., Galea, S. (2014). Formalizing the role of agent-based modeling in causal inference and epidemiology.American journal of epidemiology,181(2), 92-99. Pohl, H., Wrobel, K., Bojarski, C., Voderholzer, W., Sonnenberg, A., Rsch, T., Baumgart, D. C. (2013). Risk factors in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.The American journal of gastroenterology,108(2), 200-207. Sedgwick, P. (2015). Bias in observational study designs: case-control studies.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),350. Sethi, S., Richter, J. E. (2017). Diet and gastroesophageal reflux disease: role in pathogenesis and management.Current opinion in gastroenterology,33(2), 107-111. Szklo, M., Nieto, J. (2014).Epidemiology. (pp. 350-358) Jones Bartlett Publishers. Terry, P., Lagergren, J., Wolk, A., Nyrn, O. (2000). Reflux-Inducing Dietary Factors and Risk ofAdenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Nutrition and cancer, 38(2), 186-191. van Rein, N., Cannegieter, S. C., Rosendaal, F. R., Reitsma, P. H., Lijfering, W. M. (2014). Suspected survivor bias in casecontrol studies: stratify on survival time and use a negative control.Journal of clinical epidemiology,67(2), 232-235. Vandenbroucke, J. P., Broadbent, A., Pearce, N. (2016). Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 1776-1786. Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., ... STROBE Initiative. (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration.International journal of surgery,12(12), 1500-1524. VanderWeele, T. J., Hernn, M. A., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Robins, J. M. (2016). Re: Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 2199-2200. Woolcock, M. (2013). Using case studies to explore the external validity of complexdevelopment interventions.Evaluation,19(3), 229-248.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Stress Management in the Investment Banking Industry free essay sample

An analysis of change management and strategies that deal with possible emergence of stress as a result of organizational change. This paper examines certain workplace issues of satisfaction, including job security, fair wage and salary levels, equitable distribution of benefits, training and career enhancement opportunities that integrate to create an environment that fosters both motivation and high performance and attempts through that to maximize productivity. The purpose of this research is to review the psychology behind the factors that contribute to employee stress as a result of organizational change, environmental and economic factors. The author attempts to analyze these concepts and examine how they contribute to workers stress levels, thereby revealing the type of training and coping skills that organizations can attempt to provide. This paper addresses this problem specifically in the investment banking industry, with reference to the firm of Goldman Sachs. The author looks at the the financial services industry that has been characterized by ongoing and ever-increasing merger and acquisition acti vity and expansion with focus on change in technology, organizational settings, workforce and management. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management in the Investment Banking Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The author investigates how these changes may effect employee anxiety and stress levels with focus on the causes of stress and their possible psychological and physiological effects. The author provides recommendations as to how to achieve economies of scale and efficiencies through innovation and welcoming of change that is planned and appropriately dealt with and how to deal with the possible stress that may emerge through training, leadership, support, work teams, increased employee decision making and involvement, communication, change in reward systems and enforcement of a culture of change, innovation and challenge. While the profitability of corporations is typically measured in dollars, overall success can be measured in terms of profitability plus the attainment of organizational goals. This success derives from a synergy of inputs, including the work of employees who are dedicated, skilled and knowledgeable, and a management team that understands how to inspire competent and motivated performance through sensitive and responsive management of a continually changing workplace. The cost of socially-responsible management is an investment: the workplace environment directly impacts the motivation and productivity of the workforce. Simply put: happy, secure workers are productive workers. Companies are responsible for creating and maintaining a positive and supportive workplace environment through ethically responsible policies, fair compensation and proactive management. While not quantifiable as a line item, an attitude of responsibility to workers and to the workplace environment has a n oticeable effect on the corporate bottom line. According to Alan Reder in his book In Pursuit of Principle and Profit (1994), responsible policies ensure that every quality of a company will emerge over time and greatly increase a companys chances of long-term success. Workplace issues of employee satisfaction include job security, fair wage and salary levels, equitable distribution of benefits, training and career enhancement opportunities that integrate to create an environment that fosters motivation, high performance and maximized productivity.